Ilya Kahn, 66, was arrested on Wednesday for his suspected role in a years-long plot to transfer thousands of semiconductors made in America to Moscow-based ELVEES.
Data from the company showed that in that period, 10,000 employees were hired. Of those 10,000, only one was an asylum seeker, allegedly hired months after the investigation began.
Trump was expected to have his mug shot taken while being processed at the Fulton County Jail.
This indictment comes just as Israel inches closer to receiving visa-free access to the US.
The 72-year-old had set up an elaborate network of businesses across the US, Iran and the UAE to ship controlled petroleum substances.
The case is being investigated by the FBI, with the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and the National Security Division's Counterterrorism Section leading the prosecution.
A Trump spokesperson said the decision showed that the Justice Department was "politically weaponizing the justice system" against the former president.
Calling it a "joke of an indictment," Trump told the audience in Georgia the prosecution would further bolster his support within the party.
The criminal case, brought by the US Department of Justice, amounts to another legal setback for Trump as he seeks to regain the US presidency next year.
Merrick Garland appointed Special Counsel Jack Smith in November to handle the two Trump investigations.